Introduction

Textbooks are much more complex than most other publications. Not only do they need to cover a body of knowledge in a structured and logical way, but they also utilize design elements to help the learner better understand the subject.

For a very helpful introduction to textbooks, watch Characteristics of a textbook, a seven-minute video by Oxford University Press Southern Africa.

A textbook is not a monograph:


Monograph	Textbook ("Biology" by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0)

In this section, we will highlight some basic textbook design concepts. So, what makes a textbook a textbook?

Textbook Structure

The Tree Structure

Textbooks can be thought of as having content divided into a tree structure. The terms used to name these structures could be different from book to book, but the author will need to determine the terms used and the number of sub-levels in the tree. Think of it as the highest level outline for the structure of the book. For instance, a textbook could have the following tree structure:

Book $⟹$ Chapter $⟹$ Section

Book $⟹$ Chapter $⟹$ Section $⟹$ Subsection

Book $⟹$ Unit $⟹$ Chapter $⟹$ Section $⟹$ Sub-section

The "Book" is always the trunk of the tree, with the next level usually being "Chapter" or "Unit". Determining this structure will eventually lead to the full book structure. For example, if the author decides to structure the book with Book $⟹$ Chapter $⟹$ Section, the completed book structure could look like this (showing chapter one sections only):

Book Structure

Structural Elements

Each element in the tree consists of structural elements that are designed to aid in learning. Some of these elements are what set textbooks apart from other books. They provide structure, context, overview, motivation, review, and other functions that are useful for learning. Dividing these elements into categories can be helpful when helping authors think about the elements they might want to use. Three of the element types help structure the textbooks content: Openers, Closers, and Integrated Pedagogical Devices¹ (Schneider, 2008).

Openers

Openers are structural elements that come before the main content of a tree level. Openers help lead the learner into the content. They could provide motivation, an understanding of the structure of the content, or a summary of what is to come. For example chapter openers could include:

a banner image
learning objectives
introduction
focus questions
chapter summary

See a list of common openers.

Closers

Closers are structural elements that typically help learners review or reinforce their learning. Closers are typically found after the main content of a tree level. They often help students summarize, review, or practice what they've learned. Some example chapter closers are:

review problems
chapter summary
links to external resources

See a list of common closers.

For example, each chapter in a textbook could have the following standard structure that utilizes opener and closer elements:

open - content - closer

Note that openers and closers can happen at each level of the tree, including the book, chapter, section, etc. nested opener closer

Integrated Pedagogical Devices

Integrated pedagogical devices¹ are strategies and elements used in the main content of a tree element to assist in learning. Often, these devices use design to differentiate each element, which separates them from the rest of the content, and makes the element recognizable through consistent use in each chapter, section, etc.

For example, each chapter in a mathematics textbook might have:

a "Biography" element that highlights the biography and accomplishments of a famous mathematician
a "Case Study" element that illustrates the concepts by describing a real-world application
vocabulary words in bold
illustration of geometric figures
graphs

See a list of common Integrated Pedagogical Devices.

In summary, structural elements aid in learning. They provide context and structure, and can play a role in motivating learners, helping them reflect, and extending their understanding. Structural elements should be used consistently throughout the text so that all instances of a tree element are structured the same. This lessens the cognitive load on students by making the content more easily recognizable.

Sources

Schneider, D. K. (2008, September 3). Textbook writing tutorial. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Textbook_writing_tutorial

¹For simplicity, Integrated Pedagogical Devices and Interior Feature Strands - as defined by Schneider - have been combined into one broad category we're calling Integrated Pedagogical Devices.