Introduction

Building out the textbook's structure is a good first step when working with authors. This includes determining the tree structure and the structural elements. One way to accomplish this is by using sticky notes with structural elements written on them.

Process

Step 1. Start by asking the author what they would like to call the tree elements of the textbook. Write each element on a sticky note and align them in a row as demonstrated in the image below. Be sure to include "Book" as the trunk of the tree structure.

Four sticky notes with one of the following words written on each: book, chapter, section, sub-section.

Step 2. Starting at the "Book" level, ask the authors what structural elements they wish to include the textbook. Write each element on a sticky note and align them horizontally under the note with the word "Book" written on it.

Tree Book Level

In the image above, "Cover Page" and "TOC" are Openers at the book level, and "Index" and "Glossary" are Closers.

The main content will be in the form of Chapters, which will be the next level of content to structure by repeating the process outlined above in Step 2.

The image in Step two, with sticky notes that each have one of the following words written on it placed vertically below the note with "chapter" written on it: intro, chapter, objectives, key terms, section, discussion questions, case studies.

In the example above, "Introduction", "Chapter Outline", "Objectives", and "Key Terms" are the chapter Openers, and "Discussion Questions" and "Case Studies" are the chapter Closers, with "Sections" as the main content.

Repeat this process for each tree level. When you're finished, you will have defined what each level of the tree structure looks like, and will have taken a huge step in helping the author consistently structure the textbook in ways that help the learner use the textbook effectively.

Keep in mind that this structure might change during the next step - defining the content structure - and this is perfectly acceptable.

Content Structure

Note that the textbook structure defined above makes no mention of the course content. This next step involves asking the author to build an outline of content topics for the textbook.

Careful consideration should be given to both the scope of the content in the textbook (what is covered, and what is not covered), and the sequence in which the content is covered.

Scope

By scope, we are referring to the depth and breadth of the content to be taught. In order to be most useful, the scope should contain the content typically covered in a course or a series of courses in a field of study. If possible, it could be very helpful for the author to get input from peers about the anticipated scope of the textbook before writing begins.

Sequence

The sequence of the content is the order in which the content should be taught for the best learning. In any given subject, there are likely multiple theories about which sequence is best (e.g., the OpenStax Chemistry textbook has been revised into a version called "Chemistry: Atoms First" because some instructors believe that it makes more sense to students to teach about atoms before teaching about other chemistry concepts).

The Content Outline

The author will need to create an outline that matches the number of levels in the tree structure. For instance, if the tree structure is Book $⟹$ Unit $⟹$ Chapter $⟹$ Section, then the outline will need to provide content for each level, as seen in the image below.

...
Unit 2. The Cell
   Chapter 4. Cell Structure
      Section 4.1 Studying Cells
      Section 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      Section 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      Section 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      Section 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
      Section 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
   Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      Section 5.1 Components and Structure
      Section 5.2 Passive Transport
      Section 5.3 Active Transport
      Section 5.4 Bulk Transport
...
Unit 3. Genetics
   Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      Section 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      Section 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
   Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      Section 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      Section 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      Section 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
...
("Biology" (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. by OpenStax (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.)

It's possible that the process of mapping out the content will make the author realize that the textbook structure needs to be adjusted. This is perfectly normal as the two structures are interrelated.

Note: When completing this outline, be aware that in 2012, open textbook publisher Boundless was sued by three publishers - partially because Boundless copied the structure of their textbooks. The actual content of the Boundless books was openly licensed, but the structure was mapped from the publishers' commercial books. The case was settled out of court, so it is still not clear whether this is a violation of copyright law, but the author should be aware that it could be a legal risk to blantantly copy a commercial textbook's structure.

Once complete, the Content Structure and Textbook Structure can be combined to create a complete outline of the textbooks. For example, consider a textbook with this tree structure:

Book Structure

Now, let's look at two chapters of the content outline:

   Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      Section 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      Section 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
   Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      Section 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      Section 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      Section 12.3 Laws of Inheritance

Combining these structures, we get the full outline of the two chapters:

Cover Page
Table of Contents
...   
   Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      Introduction
      Objectives
      Key Terms
      Section 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
         Main Content
         Review Questions
      Section 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
         Main Content
         Review Questions
      Discussion Questions
   Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      Introduction
      Objectives
      Key Terms
      Section 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
         Main Content
         Review Questions
      Section 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
         Main Content
         Review Questions
      Section 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
         Main Content
         Review Questions
...
Index
Glossary

Creating such an outline and asking the author to "fill in" the outline structure with content will make it much more likely that the author will end up with a textbook that is useful to students. It will be contain consistent elements that will become familiar to students, giving them useful structure and scaffolding. The process of creating this outline encourages authors to think through pedagogical tools that they might not have otherwise considered.

Additional Resources

Listen to Dave Ernst, Executive Director of the Open Education Network, talk through this module:

Textbook Development Techniques and Elements by Open Education Network on YouTube (CC BY 3.0)

Sources

Schneider, D. K. (2008, September 3). Textbook writing tutorial. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Textbook_writing_tutorial