GC The Development of Ethnological Theory

1. THE "PRESCIENTIFIC PERIOD"

• • • • Herodotus Links to an external site. (484-425 B.C.)
      • Aristotle Links to an external site. (384-322 B.C.)
      • Lucretius (ca. 96-55 B.C.)
      • Tacitus (ca. 55-120 A.D.)
      • Fray Bernardino de Sahagun (1499-1590)
      • Joseph-Francois Lafitau Links to an external site. (1681-1746)
      • William Robertson (1721-1793) Links to an external site.

2. NINETEENTH-CENTURY EVOLUTIONISTS (1860-ca. 1900)

• • • Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1831-1917)
    • Henry Sumner Maine (1822-1888)
    • Sir James Frazer (1854-1941)
    • Louis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
    • Karl Marx (1818-1883)

3. POSITIVISM

• • • • • Auguste Comte Links to an external site. (1798-1857)

4. DIFFUSIONISM

1. 1. 1. 1. American
            • Clark Wissler (1870-1947)
            • Alexander Goldenweiser (1880-1940)
              
              
         2. English ("Heliolithic")
            • Grafton Elliot Smith (1871-1937)
            • William James Perry (1887-1949)
            • W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922)
              
              
         3. German ("Kulturkreise")
            • Robert Fritz Graebner (1837-1934)
            • Wilhelm Schmidt (1868-1954)

5. ANNEE SOCIOLOGIQUE

• • • • • Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
        • Marcel Mauss (1872-1950)

6. HISTORICAL EMPIRICISM (HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM)

• • • • • Franz Boas (185-1942)

7. PRIMITIVE MENTALITY

• • • • • Lucien Levy-Bruhl (1857-1939)

8. and 11. FUNCTIONALISM AND STUCTURALISM

• • • • • Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)
        • Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)

(E.E. Evans-Pritchard, 1902-1973, Meyer Fortes, Max Gluckman, 1911-1975, Raymond Firth)

9. CULTURAL DYNAMICS

• • • • James Mooney Links to an external site. (1861-1921)

10. ACCULTURATION (CULTURE CONTACT)

• • • • • Although this term was used as early as 1800 most studies date from 1935

12. PSYCHOENTHNOGRAPHY

These studies focused on the following areas:

1. 1. 1. 1. Culture and Personality
            • e.g., Margaret Mead
            • Ruth Benedict, 1887-1948
              
              
         2. Enculturation
            • e.g., Melville J. Herskovitz, 1895-1963
              
              
         3. Language and Culture
            • e.g., Edward Sapir, 1884-1939
              
              
         4. National Character Studies
            • e.g., Margaret Mead
            • Rhoda Metraux
              
              
         5. World View
            • e.g., Clifford Geertz
              
              
         6. French Structuralism
            • e.g., Claude Levi-Strauss
              
              
         7. Ethnoscience
            • e.g., Harold C. Conklin

13. ETHNOPHILOSOPHY

These studies include studies of:

1. 1. 1. 1. Cultural Relativism
            • e.g., Melville J. Herskovitz, 1895-1963
              
              
         2. Values
            • e.g., Florence R. Kluckhohn

14. NEO-EVOLUTIONSIM

• • • • • Leslie White (1900-1975)
        • Julian Steward (1902-1972)
        • Marshall D. Sahlins
        • Elman R. Service